vocabulary of Unit 5 and 6

UNIT 5

1 Ummayad: Family that run away in 750.

2 Caliphate of Damascus: The capital of island territories.

3 Caliphate of Cordoba: Was the most brilliant period of Damascus.

4 Al-Andalus: Were the territories in the power of the Muslims.

5 Jews: people that play an important role in the economy.

6 Emirate: Territory governed by the king.

7 Emir: Was the goverment of the emirate.

8 Walis: Was governors, who controlled the provinces.

9 Visir: Was a minister.

10 Hayib: Was the primer minister.

11 Raids: they was used to obtain prisioners in the Caliphate of Cordoba.

12 Taifas: Small kingdoms into the Muslims kindoms was divided.

13 Parias: Taxes paid by the taifas.

14 Almoravids: Warriors berbers from the north of Africa.

15 Almohads: Warriors berbers from the nprth of Africa.

16 Battle of Navas de Tolosa: battle produced in 1212 and the muslims lost.

17 Nasrid Kingdom: Was formed by the nasrid family.

18 Dinar: money of gold.

19 Dirhem: money of silver.

20 Arabs: Were the descendants of the conquerors.

21 Berbers: Warriors of the north of Africa.

22 Muladies: Muslims who adopted the religion language and costums of Islam.

23 Mozarabs: christians who continuedo to practise their religion.

24 Medina: Was the main area or old city.

25 Aljama: Was the main mosque.

26 Mosque: Was a place where the muslims went to pray.

27 Arrabales: Were worker's districts, where the craft workshops were located.

28 Alcázar: The centre of political life.

29 Souk: Was the market, a place where social and economic life was centred.

30 Alhóndigas: Large warehouses, where the merchants kept their goods.

31 Averroes: Was an islam intellectual.

32 Maimonides: Was an islam intellectual.

33 Horseshoe arches: Were the arches used in the islamic architecture.

34 Plasterwork: Was used to decorate the islamic buildings.



UNIT 6

1 Reconquest: Was produced when the Christians conquered the Iberian Peninsula.

2 Kingdom of Asturias: Was originated by the Christians in Cantabria, defeated by Pelayo.

3 Kingdom of León: Was originated whenthe capital of the kingdom of asturias was moved to
Leon.

4 Aragonese counties: Was formed when the Carolingian Empire was divided.

5 Catalan counties: Was formed when the Carolingian Empire was divided.

6 Pelayo: Was chosed by the visigoths as their king.

7 Battle of Covadonga: Was produced in 722.

8 Alfonso III: Was regined when the Battle of Covadonga was produced.

9 Fernán González: Was governed when Castile was divided.

10 Spanish March: Was formed by the Pyrenean within the Carolingian Empire.

11 Carolingian Empire: Was dissolved in the 9th century.

12 Sancho III the Great: became the most powerful Cjristian king on the Peninsula.

13 Wilfred the Hairy: Was the person who united the Catalan counties.

14 Beatus: Is a famous example of the mozarabic art.

15 Mozarabic art: Was the art wich emerged in the Christian kingdoms in the 10th century.

16 Mudejar art: Was emerged in the 12th in Sahagún, Leon.

17 Asturian art: Developed near of Oviedo between the 8th and 10th centuries.

18 Repopulation: Was produced when the Christians kingdoms advanced from de Duero valley

19 Fueros: Was privileges the kings gave to the towns.

20 Military orders: Created the feudal estates.

21 Mudejars: Where Muslims who remained in Christian territory.

22 Alfonso VI: He conquered Toledo, the Tajo valley and a part of Andalusia.

23 Ferdinand III: Was the person who united Castile and Leon in 1230.

24 Cortes: Their function was to approve or reject new taxes.

25 Honourable Council of the Mesta: was creates in 1273 to discuss the problem of the sheeps.

26 Alfonso I the Battler: Was the first king of Aragon.

27 James I the Conqueror: He took Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and the Balearic islands.

28 Generalitat: An institution which defended the rights of individuals in Aragon.

The irrigation system in the farmhouse

In this picture, we can see a farmhouse.

The people is working in it. The peasants had the harvest and small trades. They had a lot of irrigation systems:

The arabs perfected immensly the technologies of irrigation, turned into the teachers of the hydraulic agricultural technology, took advantage of the Roman systems of irrigation that here they found, and close to the oriental technologies that knew, could achieve an exceptional utilization of the water.

Both traditional still in force systems of irrigation at present come of the Moslem epoch, besides the channelings of the water ó irrigation ditches, for which it was traversing the water of the rivers or of the springs, being served the differences of the soil. In the utilization of the fluvial waters they used the dams or preys, and the alquezares or cuts. To catch underground waters wells and a few perforated galleries were in use, applying technologies of oriental origin.

Also there used technologies of drainage and desiccation of them go and swampy lands especially in Castellón's zone. So much the waters of the rivers as of the wells and the galleries could take advantage using wheels elevators that were allowing to take the water up to a pond wherefrom the irrigation ditches and the channels were going out. Among these wheels there were those who were moving themselves directly for the current of the water, which were working with the force of an animal, or those of balance beam.

Parts of the mosque

The parts of Romanesque Art

The Crusades

The crusades were a series of military campaigns commonly done by request of the Papacy, and that took place between the XIth and XIIIth century, against the Turks and Saracen (called this way the Muslims) for the reconquest of Holy Land.

Basically, it seems that they were explained by the expansionist interests of the feudal nobility, the control of the trade by Asia and the hegemonic zeal of the papacy on the monarchies and the churches of East, though they were declaring themselves with principle and object to recover Holy Land for the pilgrims, which the Turks, once conquered Jerusalem, were abusing mercilessly.


Possibly, the motivations of those who were taking part in them were very diverse, though in many cases it is possible to suppose also a real religious fervor.


The Crusades were expeditions tackled in fulfillment of a solemn vote to liberate the Holy Places of the Moslem domination. The origin of the word goes back to the cross done of fabric and used as emblem in the exterior clothes of those who took part in these initiatives.

The bread in the middle ages

During the Middle Ages notable progresses were not produced in the panification. Besides the culture of wheat and of rye, it was continued by that of barley. In Europe, the culture of cereals descended, and with it the periods of hunger came, the shortage of the food bases, the shortage of the bread. In the epochs of more hunger, the bread is the most valued food. This way it appears in the literature of the epoch, for example in the Lazarillo de Tormes.


In many Europa's places the monasteries turned into the principal producers of bread. The white bread, in this epoch it continued being a sign of social prestige, only accessibly for rich and wealthy classes. In the year 943, in France, " the evil of the ardent ones " arises for the consumption of the bread of rye contaminated by the ergot, mushroom parasite that poisons the spike of this cereal.



The cities in the Middle Ages start receiving importance, and already in the 12th century there arise the first craft guilds of all kinds of professionals. This way, the union baker associates and they are constituted as professionals of the bread. To the being the bread I feed base of the population, in this epoch, as in Rome, the production and distribution this of the bread regulated by the government. Beside being a food base, the bread also was in use - in environments of wealthy classes - as plate for placing the food, and once used it was thrown to the poor.

Alfonso X

In this photo it is possible to see in the center Alfonso X, king of Castile and León, the tunic that wear it indicates, because it has the flag of Castile and León.



Alfonso had a group of translators in Toledo that classic texts were translating to christian, Jew and Arabic, I think that in this image he is with them, because a man is writing and it seems that is translating to Arabic.